Taking a year-to-year context, the annual price rise after standards has been $400 higher than before standards but, for this, purchasers got an average additional fuel efficiency gain of $1,400 every year. In detail: new truck sold in 2017 was $8200 more fuel efficient than a 2011 model, which averaged across the six years gives $1366, or to $1400 rounding.

In short, CO2 standards have significantly reduced the total cost of ownership of trucks in the United States of America.