Shipping E-fuels Observatory
T&E’s shipping e-fuels observatory maps existing, confirmed, and planned green hydrogen and e-fuels production sites that could target the maritime sector.
Overview of the projects in Europe
T&E examined 69 European green hydrogen and e-fuels projects that could serve the maritime sector. These projects are projected to produce an estimated 4.09 Mtoe by 2033 – or 4.53 Mtoe across 80 projects if we also include those that have not yet indicated an operational date. We considered that 0.32 Mtoe – or 7% of the total volumes – belongs to 13 projects that intend to primarily target the maritime sector. While overall volumes are larger than what T&E estimated in the December 2025 edition, this is primarily due to greater availability of information.
E-fuels leading the way
E-ammonia leads the way with 1.63 Mtoe followed by e-methanol with 1.57 Mtoe. E-hydrogen volumes come third with 0.89 Mtoe – though more than half of those volumes target the transport sector without mentioning shipping specifically. E-methane comes last with 0.43 Mtoe. Currently, projected e-fuels volumes are expected to originate from Spain (1.58 Mtoe) – including e-ammonia (0.83 Mtoe) and e-methanol (0.58 Mtoe) – followed by Finland (0.74 Mtoe), Denmark (0.5 Mtoe), France (0.46 Mtoe), Portugal (0.37 Mtoe), and Norway (0.33 Mtoe).
The Kassø e-methanol project in Denmark became operational in 2025, and part of its production powers a containership
Increasing availability of e-fuels for maritime
While 80% of the e-fuels projects are pre-FID, seven projects are past that stage with projected volumes sufficient to reach FuelEU’s 2031 1% RFNBO threshold by 2031. This is primarily due to the Andalusian Green Hydrogen Valley project, which intends to target various industries as well as shipping with an estimated 474,000 toe/year of e-ammonia and e-methanol.
Other post-FID projects include:
Three projects that intend to target shipping primarily, but are expected to produce less than 32,000 toe/year.
One project that intends to target shipping among industries with a production of 10,000 toe annually.
Two projects that intend to target transport as a general category with a total production of 100,000 toe/year.
Six projects are currently operational, but only the Kassø e-methanol facility has an annual production above 20,000 toe/year, clearly targeting the maritime sector.