Report

The challenge of sourcing sustainable CO2 for e-fuels

November 27, 2025

T&E commissioned ERM to carry out a study looking at CO2 transportation for e-fuels production in Europe

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T&E commissioned the consultancy ERM to look at the critical role of CO2 sourcing and transport infrastructure for e-fuels production in Europe. 

They undertook a comprehensive analysis of CO2 sourcing for e-fuels in Europe. The study outlines different sourcing strategies, opportunities to unlock more suitable CO2, and the potential role of policy. 

The analysis shows that Pulp & Paper, Biomass Power, EfWs, Ethanol, and Biogas Upgrading are particularly attractive CO2 sources. They offer significant accessible biogenic CO2 volumes across Europe, along with low-to-moderate capture costs. Pulp & Paper is particularly attractive and many current e-fuel  projects are located near Pulp & Paper sites.

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